Interfacial Engineering Enhancing Electron Transfer of CaF₂ Nanoparticles for Periodontitis Treatment of Sonotherapy and Bone Resorption

Conventional periodontitis treatments can be superseded by sonodynamic therapy. In this study, a Zn(OH)F/CaF₂ heterojunction was synthesized via a hydrothermal method, which exhibited good biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. The band gap decreased significantly after the formation of the heterojunction, thereby enhancing the internal electron transfer. In addition, after the bacteria contact with the material, the electrons of the electron transport chain turn to Zn(OH)F/CaF₂ and affect its steady state. Ultimately, H₂O₂ in an inflammatory environment was used to react with Zn(OH)F/CaF₂ to facilitate electron transfer under the influence of ultrasound, ultimately enhancing the catalytic activity. Zn(OH)F/CaF₂ exhibits significant antibacterial efficacy against <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Trace elements Ca and Zn can promote tissue repair and osteogenic differentiation, resulting in less bone destruction and intact gingival tissue after periodontitis treatment. This sonodynamic therapy provides a rapid antibacterial, effective, and deep therapeutic method for treating periodontitis.