Impact of thyroid dysfunction on recurrent pregnancy loss and maternal-fetal outcomes

Background: Thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, is a recognized risk factor for pregnancy complications. Both maternal thyroid disorders can adversely affect pregnancy outcomes, including recurrent pregnancy loss and maternal-fetal complications. This study aimed to investigate the impact of thyroid dysfunction on recurrent pregnancy loss and maternal-fetal outcomes in a cohort of Bangladeshi women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2024 to July 2024 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheikh Fazilatuunnessa Mujib Memorial KPJ Specialized Hospital & Nursing College. A total of 100 pregnant women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss were included. Participants underwent thyroid function testing, and maternal and fetal outcomes were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and results were presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Among 100 participants, 31% had hypothyroidism, 19% had hyperthyroidism, and 50% were euthyroid. Pregnancy loss was most common in hypothyroid (68%) and hyperthyroid (74%) women, compared to euthyroid women (52%). Maternal complications such as anemia (29% in hypothyroid, 32% in hyperthyroid), hypertension (23% in hypothyroid, 26% in hyperthyroid), and preeclampsia (16% in hypothyroid, 21% in hyperthyroid) were more frequent in thyroid-dysfunctional pregnancies. Fetal complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm birth, were also higher in thyroid dysfunction cases. Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction is strongly associated with recurrent pregnancy loss, maternal complications, and adverse fetal outcomes. Early detection and appropriate management of thyroid disorders are crucial to improving pregnancy outcomes.