Design and performance testing of smart insoles

Abstract Smart insoles enable real-time monitoring of physiological parameters and offer feedback on the health status. This study introduces a foot-monitoring smart insole system that uses flexible sensors and inertial sensor technologies to measure the pressure distribution and foot motion data in five plantar areas. This study involved material selection, structural design, insole fabrication, hardware design, and data analysis. The system prototype underwent thorough performance validation tests, including sensitivity (3.63 mV N −1 ), linearity error (2.09%), hysteresis error (3.37%), accuracy error (4.6%), repeatability error (5.49%), and response time (3.05 ms). Moreover, to evaluate its applicability in real-world motion monitoring, the system was tested to distinguish between different movement patterns, such as walking, jumping, and running. The results demonstrate the stability and accuracy of the system across all metrics. This technology will significantly impact sports medicine, rehabilitation therapy, and performance optimization.