Minimum and maximum strong diameters of the Cartesian and strong products of cycles

Networks with smaller strong diameters generally have better fault tolerance because they enable closer connections between vertices, leading to shorter information paths. This allows the network to maintain communication and functionality more effectively during attacks or failures. In contrast, larger strong diameters mean vertices are connected over longer distances, increasing vulnerability to disruptions. Thus, the strong diameter is a key metric for assessing and optimizing network fault tolerance. This paper determines the optimal orientations for the Cartesian and strong products of even cycles, provides the minimum strong diameters and their bounds under specific conditions, and establishes a lower bound for the maximum strong diameter. A conjecture about the exact value of the maximum strong diameter is also proposed.