Effects of Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution on Maternal and Child Health

Air pollution is a critical environmental factor that poses significant risks to maternal and child health. Pregnant women are exposed to multiple air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO), which can enter the bloodstream and affect both maternal well-being and fetal development. Epidemiological studies have linked long-term exposure to these pollutants with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, gestational hypertension, and complications such as preeclampsia. We reviewed epidemiological literature on air pollution exposure during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and child health, increasing risks of neurodevelopment disorders, respiratory diseases, and immune system dysfunction in children. Research on air pollution shows decreased lung function, asthma, pneumonia, acute lower respiratory tract infection in children. Studies reveal strong evidence against air pollution which comes with large number of health issues in offspring due to exposure of particulate matter.