Engagement around risk, informality and Nature-based solutions in Nakuru, Kenya

Slum communities face interconnected risks from natural hazards, socio-economic vulnerabilities, and inequitable urban planning. This study focuses on Kaptembwa, Nakuru, Kenya, to address gaps in understanding these risks and explore the potential of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in fostering equitable urban development. Using a six-step reiterative participatory approach, the study identifies localised risks such as heat stress, flooding, and safety, revealing their disproportionate impacts on groups, such as women, children, and market vendors. Findings emphasise the importance of integrating resident perspectives into planning processes to ensure that NbS address community-specific needs while delivering social, economic, and environmental benefits. Stakeholder workshops demonstrated the value of cross-sectoral collaboration, producing multi-functional solutions that also align with community priorities for economic development. However, systemic challenges—including resource constraints, informal governance structures, and inequities in engagement—underscore the need for transformative, inclusive urban planning. While the participatory process enhanced local capacity and knowledge of participants, it also highlighted gaps in critical expertise and time constraints that require attention in future initiatives. By bridging critical knowledge gaps, this study offers insights into addressing slum-specific vulnerabilities and advancing equitable NbS planning in low- and middle-income countries. The study emphasises the need for multi-functional land use and collaborative approaches to urban development. These findings provide a foundation for more inclusive policies that prioritise marginalised voices and promote resilience in rapidly densifying urban areas.