Literature review on the competencies of data literacy for middle-grade learners

In today’s data-driven world, it is crucial for students to be data literate; able to view, understand, and reason with data in multimodal forms representing real-world phenomena. Despite its importance, data literacy is rarely integrated into K-12 curricula, and its definition remains unclear for this age group. This paper reviews existing literature to define the competencies relevant to adolescent learners and highlights those crucial for middle-grade students. A literature review of theoretical and empirical discussions on data literacy concepts, instructional practices, and assessments revealed eight key competencies. Among these, two were identified as most critical for middle-grade students: interpreting data representations and evaluating claims based on data representations. This paper aims to serve as a conceptual and practical guide to enhance data literacy in educational settings, providing a foundation for educators and researchers to collaboratively support middle-grade learners.