Comparison of antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of Achillea filipendulina plant extracts obtained using deep eutectic solvent and ethanol

Achillea filipendulina is a flowering perennial herb belonging to Asteraceae family that grows in meadows and roadsides. It is used in traditional medicine and is reported to have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is considered as alternative-systems due to its non-toxic structure. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of DES and ethanol extracts of flowers of A. filipendulina. In antibacterial assays, MIC values of DES and ethanol extracts were found to be 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL for E. coli, 25 and 12.5 mg/mL for S. aureus, respectively. In the disk diffusion method, ethanol extracts are more effective than DES extracts. The IC50 value of ethanol extract was 239.1±2.6 μg/mL while that of DES extract was 1272.6±101.3 μg/mL in T24 bladder cancer cell line after 48 h. In the healthy BJ dermal fibroblast cell line, the IC50 values of ethanol and DES extracts were 426.7±9.8 and 1304.3±102.8 μg/mL, respectively after 48 h. The cytotoxic effect of both extracts on T24 cells is greater than BJ cells. Although ethanol extracts have higher cytotoxic and antibacterial activities, there is potential for different results to be obtained after extractions using different DES components due to their properties.