The Influence of Hydration Status on Cognitive Function and Athletic Performance

Hydration is essential for maintaining cognitive function and athletic performance, particularly in athletes training under high temperatures. This study examines the impact of hydration status on cognitive abilities and athletic performance among football players at Lead City Football Academy, Ibadan, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional design, hydration levels of 88 athletes aged 16–25 were assessed through urinary specific gravity (USG) and pre- and post-training body weight changes. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), while athletic performance was rated by coaches based on key physical and mental attributes. Results showed that hydration status differed significantly by gender (p = 0.034), with male athletes exhibiting greater dehydration levels. USG analysis revealed that 94.6% of female athletes had minimal dehydration compared to 84.3% of males, while 15.7% of male athletes experienced significant dehydration (USG > 1.021), compared to 5.4% of females. Body weight analysis indicated an average reduction of 0.84% post-training, suggesting fluid loss. Cognitive assessments revealed impairments, with a mean MoCA score of 22.78 (below the normal threshold of ≥26). However, no statistically significant correlation was found between hydration status and cognitive function (p > 0.05). Athletic performance was significantly influenced by hydration status (p = 0.003), with endurance, speed, and mental toughness most affected. Although dehydration was associated with reduced endurance, the effect was relatively weak. These findings highlight the need for structured hydration protocols, personalized fluid intake plans, and athlete education on optimal hydration practices.