Salvianolic Acid A From <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> Suppresses Endometrial Carcinoma Progression via <scp>CD40</scp>‐<scp>AKT</scp>‐<scp>NF</scp>‐<scp>κB</scp> Pathway

We aimed to investigate the effects of Salvianolic acid A (SA), an active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, on the proliferation, metastasis and CD40-AKT-NF-κB signalling pathway in endometrial carcinoma (EC). Human EC cell lines (Ishikawa and HEC-1A) were treated with varying concentrations of SA, CD40 soluble ligand (sCD40L) or a combination of both. Cell viability, proliferation, invasion and migration were assessed using MTT, colony formation and transwell assays. Flow cytometry was used to analyse apoptosis and cell cycle progression. qRT-PCR evaluated the mRNA level of CD40. The protein expression of CD40, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-p65, and p52 was evaluated via Western blot and immunofluorescence. A subcutaneous tumour model was used to examine the impact of SA on tumour growth, followed by immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67, CD40, p-AKT and p-mTOR. SA treatment reduced EC cell viability, proliferation, invasion and migration, while also triggering apoptosis and inducing cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in a dose-dependent way. These effects correlated with marked downregulation of CD40, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-p65 and p52 expression. Conversely, activation of CD40 signalling with sCD40L promoted EC cell malignancy and overturned the anti-tumour effects of SA on EC cells. Additionally, SA treatment suppressed tumour growth in xenograft mouse models, along with reduced levels of Ki67, CD40, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-p65 and p52 in mouse tumour tissues, which were counteracted by sCD40L co-treatment. SA effectively suppresses endometrial carcinoma progression by targeting the CD40-AKT-NF-κB pathway.