Prevalence of structural and idiopathic epilepsy in brachycephalic and non‐brachycephalic dogs in the context of the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force guidelines

Brachycephaly was identified as a risk factor for structural epilepsy in this study population, suggesting that magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid analysis should be more strongly considered in brachycephalic dogs who otherwise satisfy a tier I confidence level diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy, independent of the interictal neurological examination.