Misconduct Detection — Evolving Methods & Lessons from 15 Years of Scientific Image Sleuthing

I have been investigating and reporting on image manipulation in the bioscience literature since 2011. During this time, several new tools have emerged to streamline the processes of image analysis and reporting. When presenting and discussing examples of scientific image manipulation, a common question is "how do you find this stuff?" Herein, I outline common software and other utilities - a toolbox for discovery and reporting of problematic scientific images and other data. This may serve as a useful reference for those seeking to enhance the effective removal of problematic papers from the bioscience literature.