Effects of deleterious habits on teeth-A literature review

The tooth is a complex structure made up of mineralized tissues—including enamel, dentin, and cementum—along with soft tissues such as the dental pulp and periodontal ligament. Preserving the integrity of these components is crucial for maintaining oral health. However, various harmful habits, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, betel nut chewing, and other behavioral oral habits, can significantly affect dental well-being. Smoking and alcohol use are linked to both systemic diseases and oral health deterioration. Tobacco use, in particular, is a wellestablished risk factor for periodontal disease, tooth discoloration, and increased susceptibility to cavities. The relationship between these detrimental habits and dental health is complex, involving microbial alterations, reduced salivary flow, and direct chemical effects on tooth structure. This review examines the impact of these habits on dental health, explores the underlying mechanisms, and discusses strategies for prevention and management.