Optimal Green Energy Estimation for Sustainable Electric Vehicle Networks Using Queueing-Based Retrial Process

This paper presents a stochastic model for addressing a single-server service station offering both EV charging and battery swapping services, considering the realistic retrial-based queueing behavior of the waiting individuals. A computationally efficient method is proposed for determining the steady-state probability distribution of the charging network. The approach involves analyzing the governing differential-difference equations and employing a matrix method to derive the steady-state probability distribution. Further, straightforward formulae are derived for critical system performance indicators, considering both server and system characteristics. Numerical results are visualized in the form of different graphical representations to demonstrate the influence of various parameters on system performance. Finally, the paper concludes with significant findings and future research directions to apprise researchers, decision-makers, and system designers in optimizing combined charging/swapping infrastructure.