Mild cognitive impairment in older adults: Predictors, diagnosis, and management

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents a transitional stage between normal cognitive aging and dementia, affecting approximately 15-20% of adults aged 65 and older. Understanding MCI is critical for early intervention to delay or prevent progression to dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review explores the predictors, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies associated with MCI in older adults. Genetic factors, such as the APOE ε4 allele, along with environmental exposures (e.g., air pollution, cardiovascular risks) and lifestyle factors (e.g., physical activity, diet, and cognitive engagement), are identified as key contributors to MCI onset and progression. Advances in diagnostic tools, including neuropsychological assessments, biomarkers, and imaging techniques, have improved MCI detection but face challenges related to accessibility, standardization, and equity in diverse populations. Management strategies for MCI include pharmacological interventions, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and emerging amyloid-targeting therapies, as well as non-pharmacological approaches like cognitive training, exercise, and dietary modifications. Multimodal interventions show promise in mitigating cognitive decline, but further robust evidence is needed to establish their efficacy and scalability. This review article highlights gaps in current research, including the need for longitudinal studies in diverse populations and cost-effective, scalable diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. By synthesizing current knowledge, this study aims to inform clinical practice and guide future research efforts to address the growing burden of MCI in aging populations.