Measurement of electromotive force generated by freezing aqueous salt solutions

Abstract The electromotive force generated by freezing aqueous AgNO3 solutions was measured. The ions are concentrated into freeze-concentrated solutions (FCSs) by phase separation of the aqueous solutions. When the cathode solutions are frozen, the electromotive force increases. The concentration effect was quantitatively evaluated by the activity of silver ions. The degree of force increase depends on the initial concentration of the cathode solution, indicating that FCS morphology and ion uptake into the ice phase play important roles.