Review on Antimicrobial Applications of Rare Earth-doped Spinel Ferrites

Rare earth-doped spinel nano ferrites are gaining interest for their antimicrobial potential. This review examines their synthesis methods, structural properties and effectiveness against bacteria. Doping with rare earth ions influences factors like crystallite size and magnetic behaviour, which in turn enhances antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, challenges such as cytotoxicity, environmental effects and complex synthesis needs to be addressed to maximize their use in biomedical applications.