Management of urban manufacturing byproducts: food circular economy and safety aspects

Within the framework of a circular economy in the food industry, repurposing by-products from food production processes (FMSS) represents a promising alternative to their disposal. However, reintroducing these by-products into the food supply chain poses notable challenges, particularly concerning food safety due to potential risks. This study provides a systematic and multidisciplinary approach to addressing food safety challenges in the circular food economy by introducing the Quad-Modal Hazard Dynamic framework, which categorizes food safety risks in FMSS into introduction, accumulation, reduction, and interaction pathways. This work integrates food safety risk assessment, regulatory considerations, and economic feasibility, offering a holistic perspective on the challenges and solutions for FMSS reintegration. By combining case study analysis, regulatory insights, and technological advancements, this study provides practical recommendations for policymakers and industry stakeholders, contributing to the development of a safe, efficient, and economically viable circular food system.