Hydrological Dynamics of Raipur, Chhattisgarh in India: Surface–Groundwater Interaction Amidst Urbanization

The hydrological dynamics of Raipur are profoundly influenced by the intricate interplay between surface and groundwater systems, driven by changes in land use, climatic conditions, and human activities such as agriculture and industry. This research investigated the interdependencies between the Kharun River and groundwater systems, essential for understanding water security in the face of escalating demands and rapid urbanization. Through meticulous monitoring and analysis of approximately 70 bore wells, nine river sampling sites, and 13 groundwater samples from dug wells, alongside rigorous adherence to established sampling protocols, this study delved into the seasonal variations and influences on water quantity and quality. Statistical methodologies, stable isotope analyses, and Gibbs diagrams were employed to unravel the complexities governing water resource dynamics and interactions. Notably, correlation analysis revealed significant associations between various water quality parameters, indicating anthropogenic influences on groundwater chemistry. Cluster analysis aided in understanding hydro-chemical processes, while stable isotope examinations further elucidated the sources and interactions of groundwater and surface water. Results indicate the urgent need for sustainable water management strategies tailored to the region’s evolving socio-environmental landscape, considering escalating urbanization and agricultural activities. This integrated approach, combining analytical methods and statistical techniques, offers a holistic understanding of water resource dynamics essential for effective governance and sustainable development.