Recent advances in nanomaterials for integrated phototherapy and immunotherapy

The integration of immunotherapy with phototherapy represents a synergistic approach, combining the localized effects of nanomaterial-enabled phototherapy with systemic immune activation to achieve comprehensive therapeutic outcomes. Nanomaterials enhance light-based therapies through superior photon conversion, efficient drug delivery, and co-delivery of immune adjuvants, thereby amplifying immune responses and addressing the limitations of traditional treatments. This review highlights recent advancements in the design, classification, and application of nanomaterials for integrated phototherapy and immunotherapy. Key topics include innovative nanomaterials systems, therapeutic models, and imaging techniques that improve precision and efficacy. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in optimizing nanomaterial biocompatibility, delivery efficiency, and immune modulation. Looking ahead, the development of multifunctional nanomaterials and deeper understanding of their synergistic mechanisms hold immense potential to transform precision medicine, paving the way for innovative and highly effective therapeutic strategies. • Nanomaterials are widely employed in combination therapies involving phototherapy and immunotherapy. • Functional nanomaterials target tumors and bacterial infections in photoimmunotherapy preclinical studies. • Multifunctional nanomaterials loaded with imaging agents enhance therapeutic precision via FI, MRI, CT, and PAI.