Self-efficacy, self-esteem, and happiness in older adults: A cross-sectional study

Self-efficacy and self-esteem were key determinants of happiness in elderly people. Healthcare centers serving older populations could implement targeted interventions such as skill-building workshops aimed at enhancing self-efficacy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) sessions to build coping strategies, and art therapy programs to boost self-esteem. Additional interventions might include mindfulness and relaxation techniques to reduce stress, social engagement activities to promote a sense of belonging, and group exercises or physical activity programs that foster both physical well-being and psychological resilience. Future studies should explore the long-term effectiveness of these interventions in promoting sustained happiness in older adults.