Evaluating the effects of supervised versus non-supervised training techniques on upper extremity complaints in regular strength trainees: a cross-sectional analysis

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of and describe and compare upper limb disorders in trained and untrained weightlifters in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in gym centers located in the Riyadh and Qassim regions from February 20, 2024 to December 20, 2024. The target population included adult strength trainees aged 18 years and above who regularly engaged in strength training, either under the supervision of a qualified coach or independently. Individuals with prior upper limb surgery, musculoskeletal disorders, or congenital deformities were excluded. Results: This study included 166 participants with 52.4% females (n = 87) and 47.6% males (n = 79). Most participants (59.6%, n = 99) were aged 18-25 years. Shoulder/arm complaints were reported by 35.5% (n = 59) and elbow issues by 12% (n = 20). Job-related factors worsened neck problems in 8.4% (n = 14). Training supervision was significantly associated with lower right wrist and hand problems. Binary logistic regression identified age as a significant predictor of neck, shoulder, and wrist complaints, whereas body mass index was significantly associated with shoulder problems. Gender and educational level were not significant predictors. Conclusion: Age and body mass index were significant predictors of neck, shoulder, and wrist complaints among weightlifters, with older and overweight individuals at a higher risk. While supervision reduced wrist/ hand injuries, it showed no significant effect on other injuries. Job-related factors also contributed to upper extremity complaints.