Hierarchical energy management system with demand side management for green hydrogen-based microgrids

This work proposes a two-level hierarchical predictive energy management system with demand side management (EMS-DSM) controller to handle the storage usage of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). This HESS consists of a hydrogen storage system (HSS) and a battery storage system (BSS). The proposed two-level hierarchical structure comprises a supervisory EMS-DSM and a local controller. The proposed supervisory EMS-DSM controller manages energy purchases and shifts load consumption. The local controller is an EMS model predictive controller (EMS-MPC) that provides the control signal for the HESS according to the references provided by the supervisory EMS-DSM controller. Simulation results show that the proposed control scheme can reach a 2.27% savings during a one-week microgrid operation.