Hybrid Watermarking Techniques in Medical Imaging: A Comprehensive Analysis and Performance Evaluation

In tele-health services, the security of patient information becomes an essential consideration during the exchange of information. In this digital age, digital image watermarking becomes a crucial tool for digital authentication and security. Techniques based on digital image watermarking can enhance the security of information during copyright protection, open channel transmission, content management and identification, file archiving, and broadcast monitoring. This paper discusses the benefits and drawbacks of spatial and frequency domain-based watermarking techniques. The goal of this proposed work is to present a review of various available embedding techniques in the transform domain. The hybrid watermarking model carried out in this paper with MRI, CT scan, and ultrasound images for SSIM values of sizes (16×16, 32×32, 64×64) of the watermark image and the average imperceptibility 0.958, 0.922, 0.903 of the model has been calculated. The results indicate that the higher the dimensions of the watermark image, the lower the imperceptibility of the model.