Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Land Surface Temperature in DKI Jakarta: A Decade Long-Landsat-Based Analysis

This study presents an in-depth analysis of Land Surface Temperature (LST) trends in the DKI Jakarta region using Landsat satellite imagery spanning from January 2013 to December 2023. Given the rapid urbanization and expansion in Jakarta, understanding LST patterns is crucial for assessing the impacts of urban heat islands and guiding effective urban planning strategies. To achieve this, Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 data were employed, ensuring high-quality imagery by filtering out scenes with cloud cover exceeding 45%. The research methodology involved merging the Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 datasets to create a unified image collection, which was then temporally aggregated into monthly median composites. This aggregation process helps in reducing temporal noise and capturing clear seasonal variations in temperature. The radiance values from the Landsat thermal bands were converted to temperature values in Celsius using established conversion formulas. The study's results include a time series analysis of monthly average LST, highlighting significant seasonal variations, with higher temperatures observed during the dry season and lower temperatures during the rainy season. Additionally, spatial temperature distribution maps reveal temperature gradients within Jakarta, reflecting the urban heat island effect and variations based on land use and density. This analysis provides valuable insights into the thermal dynamics of Jakarta, contributing to a better understanding of the region's climate and supporting the development of strategies to mitigate the impacts of urban heat. Future research could extend the time series and integrate additional climatic and land use data for a more comprehensive analysis.