A Comparative Analysis of Electric Vehicles Charging-Discharging Topologies for Sustainable Energy

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained immense popularity in recent times owing to the decrease in conventional energy resource reserves and the concurrent threat to the environment caused from the harmful discharge of IC engine vehicles. EVs are mainly divided into the following three categories: pure electrical vehicles or battery electric vehicles, hybrid electrical vehicles, and fuel cell electrical vehicles. All these classifications have certain advantages and drawbacks associated with them. Based on the associated advantages and disadvantages, various aspects of EV performance have been scrutinized namely, design optimization, transmission performance optimization, battery management system (BMS) and charging technology to name a few. While all the abovementioned aspects affect the EV performance critically, BMS and charging technology have been the main area of concern for design engineers and researchers. Herein, two major charging topologies are prevalent, i.e. vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V). Moreover, a third and fourth scheme of operation, namely, vehicle-to-home (V2H) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) topology respectively, is also gaining importance off-late. With this view, the present manuscript aims to categorize, engulf and encapsulate the different EVs along with the existing charging technologies in EVs and BMS. This shall make the topic at hand easier to comprehend for the prospective future researchers.