A Simulated Annealing-based Roadside Unit Deployment with Mixed Traffic Participants in Vehicular Networks

As an indispensable component of intelligent transportation systems, roadside units (RSUs) enable vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication and provide continuous transmission coverage. Extensive research has been conducted on RSU deployment to make a trade-off between deployment cost and network performance. However, most existing studies focus solely on connected vehicles, neglecting the blocking effect of vehicles that are not capable of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. This oversight can significantly hinder the information dissemination among vehicular networks. In this paper, we propose an RSU deployment strategy that accounts for mixed traffic participants, including both connected and non-connected vehicles. Initially, we introduce an analytical model that encompasses both V2I and V2V communication modes. Subsequently, leveraging this model, we formulate a mathematical programming model aimed at minimizing the number of RSUs required while ensuring delay requirements are met. Furthermore, we give a simulated annealing-based algorithm to expedite the decision-making process. Numerical investigations demonstrate the superiority of our proposed approach over alternative methods.