Efficiency and Stability Entwined: The Advantages of Lead-Free MASnI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

The advancement of solar cells has transformed the energy sector by reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Optimal material selection plays a pivotal role in maximizing the efficiency of solar cells. Perovskite has gained significant attention due to its remarkable properties, such as high absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, and low manufacturing cost. The most commonly used CH<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>NH<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>PbI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>-based perovskite solar cells face stability issues as they contain toxic lead content. In this work, the MASnI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> perovskite solar cell (PSC) has been used to improve the stability of the solar cell. The ETL/HTL is also used with PSC to transport the generated electrons/holes from the active layer. Further, the device performance is analysed depending on their series resistance and temperature variation. The outcome reveals that the PSC can deliver a PCE of 28% with a V<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</inf> of 1.09 eV. This implies that Pb-free MASnI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> PSC could emerge as a significant contributor to the future of solar energy technology.