Modeling the influence factors of carbon emissions in modular construction from a stakeholder perspective: A social network analysis

Clarifying the key influence factors and their interactions in building carbon emissions are considered the foundation for achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Modular construction (MC) not only brings positive changes to the construction process, but also adds complexity to project implementation. The implementation of MC involves numerous stakeholders, each with a high level of interdependence. To fully utilize the carbon reduction potential of MC, this paper explores the key influence factors affecting carbon emissions and their interrelationships from a stakeholder perspective. By employing social network analysis, 47 influence factors related to carbon emissions across nine key stakeholder groups were identified through the simulation of a complex network of carbon emissions influence factors in MC. The results indicate that nodes associated with government regulation, incentives, and low-carbon technologies occupy central positions in the network, exerting a significant influence on the other influence factors. Moreover, influence factors such as the level of low-carbon design and the standardization of module designs demonstrate a strong correlation, affecting carbon emissions across multiple stages of MC. This implies that carbon emission reduction in MC is highly dependent on the interaction between stakeholders. To support the carbon reduction goals of MC projects, this paper proposes policy and management recommendations based on the research findings, including combining incentives with regulations, enhancing low-carbon design levels, and promoting the application of low-carbon technologies. This study aims to provide decision support to policy makers and construction practitioners involved in MC.