Ultra Miniaturized Novel Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy System

Wireless capsule endoscopes capture and transmit images of the human digestive system for use in medical diagnostics. The placement of the capsule makes it possible to pinpoint the illnesses. In this work, we propose an ultra-miniaturized antenna that can operate in the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band for integration with a capsule. Minia-turization is achieved using the meander resonator technique, high permittivity substrate, and superstrate. The antenna is designed using Rogers RT/duroid 6010 substrate with a footprint of 2.8 × 2.8 × 0.5 mm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup>. A basic mathematical equation calculates the meander resonator's initial length for the required frequency. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed design provides the best performance, the smallest footprint, and a maximum peak gain of -28.6 dBi. Along with the antenna design, a 3D-printed capsule with dummy circuitry is used. The antenna's simulated bandwidth is 210 MHz. Good impedance matching is maintained along the whole digestive tract. The data is analyzed using stomach, small intestine, and colon models. With a link margin of 20 dB, the suggested antenna can send data at a speed of 1 Mbps across a two-meter distance in the whole digestive tract. To the best of our knowledge, this is the smallest endoscopic antenna listed for 2.45 GHz ISM bands in the literature. Based on the acquired results, the proposed design is a good candidate for the target medical applications.