On the Generation of Synthetic Invoices for Training Machine Learning Models

Currently, the problem of generating synthetic financial documents is particularly acute. Extending recent research on the topic, we present an enhanced tool for invoice generation. The primary motivation is the need for invoice corpora for machine learning in accounting automation. The generation produces synthetic invoices with randomized layouts and contents. As content fields are generated, annotations for supervised machine learning are saved along with the generated invoice, thus solving the problem of labor-intensive annotation tasks. The content and layout diversity is evaluated and compared to empirical and synthetic invoice corpora using SELF-BLEU, Alignment, and Overlap metrics. We have validated the stability of the modeling statistically. The modeling is consistent and reproducible. The final assessment is that the diversity of the generated invoices is on par with the real-world ones and, by most metrics, exhibits superiority over the foregoing ones.

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Publication Details

Journal
IEEE Access
Published
2025-01-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555155
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Neural Networks and Applications
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.48
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article

On the Generation of Synthetic Invoices for Training Machine Learning Models

Rolandas Gricius, Igoris Belovas
1 citations
IEEE Access
Neural Networks and Applications
2.48
article

On the Generation of Synthetic Invoices for Training Machine Learning Models

Rolandas Gricius, Igoris Belovas
article en
1 citations

Abstract

Currently, the problem of generating synthetic financial documents is particularly acute. Extending recent research on the topic, we present an enhanced tool for invoice generation. The primary motivation is the need for invoice corpora for machine learning in accounting automation. The generation produces synthetic invoices with randomized layouts and contents. As content fields are generated, annotations for supervised machine learning are saved along with the generated invoice, thus solving the problem of labor-intensive annotation tasks. The content and layout diversity is evaluated and compared to empirical and synthetic invoice corpora using SELF-BLEU, Alignment, and Overlap metrics. We have validated the stability of the modeling statistically. The modeling is consistent and reproducible. The final assessment is that the diversity of the generated invoices is on par with the real-world ones and, by most metrics, exhibits superiority over the foregoing ones.

IEEE AccessVol. 13
Vilnius University (LT)
Openalex Percentile: Top 11%
Neural Networks and Applications
2.48
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On the Generation of Synthetic Invoices for Training Machine Learning Models — Rolandas Gricius, Igoris Belovas · IEEE Access (2025) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS