Optimization of inspection and transit scheduling for imported refrigerated containers under public health emergencies

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for policy-driven improvements in inspection protocols at international ports, particularly for refrigerated goods, which are vulnerable to virus transmission through external packaging. This study addresses the increased inspection demands during health emergencies, where inspection rates may rise from 10 % to 100 %, requiring a combination of advanced scanning technologies and meticulous manual checks. Such escalated inspection efforts inevitably lead to substantial logistical backlogs, exacerbating port congestion, prolonging dwell times, and increasing the risk of cargo spoilage due to temperature fluctuations. This study introduces a sophisticated scheduling model for container inspection operations, designed to align with current health policy frameworks. The model incorporates specific time windows and temperature controls to mitigate the risks associated with extended storage times. Furthermore, it examines the policy implications of varying the deployment of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and inspection platforms to optimize throughput and minimize operational delays during crises. Empirical results suggest that prioritizing the expansion of inspection infrastructure, coupled with strategic AGV adjustments, significantly enhances operational efficiency and ensures compliance with health policies during emergencies. • This paper explores the impact of uncertainty factors on refrigerated container cargo losses. • A flexible scheduling model is proposed, integrating AGVs and time windows to minimize temperature-related risks. • The whale optimization algorithm is used to solve the scheduling problem, validated empirically. • Optimizing AGV deployment significantly boosts throughput and reduces operational delays. • The study provides new insights into port logistics management during health crises.