Impact of Torque Ripple in PMSM on EV Energy Efficiency and Driving Range

This comprehensive review explores the impact of torque ripple in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) on the energy efficiency and range of electric vehicles (EVs). PMSMs are widely used in EVs for their high efficiency and performance, but torque ripple, which refers to periodic fluctuations in the motor's torque output, can significantly degrade motor efficiency and vehicle performance. The review begins by providing an overview of PMSMs in EVs, defining torque ripple, and highlighting its significance in optimizing vehicle operation. The causes and types of torque ripple are thoroughly examined, including cogging torque, electromagnetic disturbances, and mechanical imperfections. The paper differentiates between low-frequency torque ripple, which affects vehicle vibration, and high-frequency ripple, which primarily leads to energy efficiency losses. Furthermore, the review discusses the negative impact of torque ripple on EV performance, focusing on increased energy consumption, accelerated battery degradation, and reduced regenerative braking efficiency, all of which contribute to a diminished driving range and overall vehicle longevity. Finally, the review presents the latest strategies for mitigating torque ripple, including advanced motor control techniques such as Model Predictive Control (MPC), Adaptive Direct Torque Control (DTC), and optimized inverter design. These methods offer effective solutions for reducing torque ripple, improving energy efficiency, and extending the range of EVs. This review provides a thorough understanding of the role of torque ripple in PMSMs and suggests practical approaches for minimizing its effects on EV performance.