Application of combined endoscopic treatment of patients with bronchial stenosis after lung transplantation using thulium laser, balloon dilation, cryoablation, and airway stenting

Bronchial stenosis (BS) is a persistent, breathing-independent narrowing of the bronchial lumen, primarily brought on by scar and/or granulation tissue. BS occurring after lung transplantation tend to be recurrent, resulting in a higher frequency of hospitalizations compared to the group of patients without this complication. Minimally invasive endoscopic repair of the bronchial lumen is a generally recognized treatment for BS. This article demonstrates the experience of using a combined technique for restoring the lumen and preventing recurrent stenosis using thulium laser, balloon dilation, cryoablation, and stenting (hereinafter referred to as the combined technique).