The global human impact on biodiversity
Human activities drive a wide range of environmental pressures, including habitat change, pollution and climate change, resulting in unprecedented effects on biodiversity<sup>1,2</sup>. However, despite decades of research, generalizations on the dimensions and extent of human impacts on biodiversity remain ambiguous. Mixed views persist on the trajectory of biodiversity at the local scale<sup>3</sup> and even more so on the biotic homogenization of biodiversity across space<sup>4,5</sup>. We compiled 2,133 publications covering 97,783 impacted and reference sites, creating an unparallelled dataset of 3,667 independent comparisons of biodiversity impacts across all main organismal groups, habitats and the five most predominant human pressures<sup>1,6</sup>. For all comparisons, we quantified three key measures of biodiversity to assess how these human pressures drive homogenization and shifts in composition of biological communities across space and changes in local diversity, respectively. We show that human pressures distinctly shift community composition and decrease local diversity across terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Yet, contrary to long-standing expectations, there is no clear general homogenization of communities. Critically, the direction and magnitude of biodiversity changes vary across pressures, organisms and scales at which they are studied. Our exhaustive global analysis reveals the general impact and key mediating factors of human pressures on biodiversity and can benchmark conservation strategies.
Authors
- Kálmán Tapolczai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-767X)
- Rebecca Oester (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9192-6882)
- Rosetta C. Blackman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-8691)
- Dominik Kirschner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5592-0494)
- Teofana Chonova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6148-0947)
- Éric Capo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9143-7061)
- Lucile Muneret (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6776-2013)
- Lena Fehlinger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5642-5185)
- Roman Alther (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-3966)
- Cécilia Barouillet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8004-1149)
- Florian Altermatt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-6958)
- François Keck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3323-4167)
- Tianna Peller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7131-2066)
- Mara Knüsel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2346-984X)
- Marjorie Couton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9880-8646)
- Heng Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-9566)
Institutions
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (ES)
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (CH)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- AgroParisTech (FR)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (CH)
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR)
- Agroécologie (FR)
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (FR)
- HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute (HU)
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (ES)
- Institut Agro Dijon (FR)
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (AU)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (CH)
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc (FR)
- Umeå University (SE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature
- Published
- 2025-03-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08752-2
- Citations
- 151
- Primary Topic
- Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 277.57
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Ernst Göhner Stiftung
- Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung Niederösterreich
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Universität Zürich