THE IMPACT OF GEOTHERMAL HEATING PLANTS ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION AND AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

In the context of the urgent need to combat climate change, renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy, play a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study examines the ecological impact in the form of avoided emissions for five geothermal heating plants located in Poland. The analysis included emissions of CO2, SO2, NOx, CO, benzo(a)pyrene, and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), considering three reference scenarios based on conventional fuels: hard coal, high-methane natural gas, and heating oil. The calculations were based on emission factors for fossil fuels and annual geothermal heat production values. The results demonstrated that geothermal heating plants significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions, one of the key greenhouse gases. Additionally, a substantial reduction in other pollutants was observed, confirming the positive impact of geothermal technologies on both the environment and public health. The findings indicate that geothermal energy is an effective tool in combating climate change, while simultaneously contributing to air quality improvement and supporting sustainable development.