Concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia Illucens) fed with fermented authorized and unauthorized biowaste in Europe

• BSFL bioaccumulate micronutrients when reared under common breeder's conditions. • BSFL micronutrient concentrations are lower in breeder than lab conditions. • Fermenting biowaste generally reduce their fresh weight micronutrient content. • BSFL reared on EU-unauthorized biowaste bioaccumulate a wide range of micronutrients. • BSFL protein and lipids are similar, whether from authorized or unauthorized waste. The nutritional and market values of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can be improved by enriching them with compounds of interest. It has recently been shown that these larvae can bioaccumulate fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids under optimal rearing conditions. Based on these preliminary results, the aim was to determine whether BSFL can be significantly enriched in these compounds when raised under conditions usually used by breeders such as preliminary substrate fermentation. BSFL were raised on EU-authorized substrates, i.e. plant biowastes, and EU-unauthorized biowastes from school canteens and supermarkets. Vitamins A, E and D, as well as 10 carotenoids were quantified by HPLC-DAD in the substrates and larvae. Although BSFL mass were lower in the apricot (85 ± 4 mg) group compared to the control group (121 ± 8 mg), the dry weight, total protein and lipid content of all the groups were not different. Most compounds present in the fermented substrates were found in the larvae, but in lower concentrations than those observed under the optimal rearing conditions, e.g. β-carotene in larvae reared on carrots 9.6 ± 0.4 mg/kg FW vs 98 ± 17 mg/kg, respectively. Regarding unauthorized substrates, they allowed larvae to bioaccumulate wider variety of micronutrients than other substrates, although in smaller quantities. Thus, raising BSFL under standard industrial breeding conditions makes it possible to obtain larvae enriched in micronutrients, without impacting their total protein and lipid content. However, the rearing conditions must be optimized if higher concentrations of these micronutrients in the larvae are wanted and further studies are necessary to confirm the results of this exploratory study.