Rapid, Label‐Free Detection of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Using Multiphoton Microscopy

Accurate diagnosis is vital for treating primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and determining patient prognosis in clinical practice. Currently, histological analysis stands as the gold standard for definitively diagnosing PCNSL, yet it is time-consuming and invasive. This study introduces multiphoton microscopy (MPM), utilizing second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), to detect human PCNSL. Several diagnostic features of PCNSL, such as increased cellularity, angiocentric infiltration pattern, geographic necrosis, perivascular reticulin deposits, and apoptosis niche, are captured. Moreover, with image processing, the extent of necrosis and perivascular reticulin deposits can be automatically assessed. These research findings underscore the capability of MPM for PCNSL identification. With the advancements in multiphoton endoscopes, in vivo detection of PCNSL may be achievable.