Analysis of the Morphology of Female Characters of “The Illustrated Night Parade of a Hundred Demons” (画図百鬼夜行)

The aim of this study is to analyze the depiction of female characters in the book "The Illustrated Night Parade of a Hundred Demons." Ten female characters were analyzed: Yamauba, Jorōgumo, Ubume, Takaonna, Kurozuka, Rokurokubi, Yuki-onna, Ikiryō, Yūrei, and Nure-onna. Morphology, origins, cultural significance, fates, and the correlations between morphology and redemption were analyzed. All 10 yokai are depicted as female figures, reflecting significant themes of femininity such as seduction, power, maternal instincts, and emotional turmoil. This portrayal underscores the cultural anxieties and fears associated with women in society. Among 10, 5 were characterized as beautiful, while the other 5 presented a more fearsome or ugly appearance. Among 10, 4 were sometimes redeemed, while 6 were not. This indicates a clear division between those who can achieve redemption through actions or love and those who continue to be perceived as fearsome or remain unresolved in their fates. Beauty is frequently linked to the notion of redemption, whereas fearsome or ambiguous entities tend to represent danger or uncertain outcomes. This dynamic highlights the cultural narratives surrounding femininity, morality, and societal perceptions in yokai folklore. Beauty is often portrayed as a conduit to positive outcomes, typically through expressions of love or nurturing qualities. Conversely, characters with more intimidating or eerie appearances are less likely to experience redemption. Their fearsome traits frequently mirror societal fears about powerful or deceptive women, thereby reinforcing their negative destinies. Therefore, plastic surgeons, by enhancing a patient's physical appearance, can be regarded as creators of virtue and value.