Prediction of Verbal Abilities From Brain Connectivity Data Across the Lifespan Using a Machine Learning Approach

Compared to nonverbal cognition such as executive or memory functions, language-related cognition generally appears to remain more stable until later in life. Nevertheless, different language-related processes, for example, verbal fluency versus vocabulary knowledge, appear to show different trajectories across the life span. One potential explanation for differences in verbal functions may be alterations in the functional and structural network architecture of different large-scale brain networks. For example, differences in verbal abilities have been linked to the communication within and between the frontoparietal (FPN) and default mode network (DMN). It, however, remains open whether brain connectivity within these networks may be informative for language performance at the individual level across the life span. Further information in this regard may be highly desirable as verbal abilities allow us to participate in daily activities, are associated with quality of life, and may be considered in preventive and interventional setups to foster cognitive health across the life span. So far, mixed prediction results based on resting-state functional connectivity (FC) and structural connectivity (SC) data have been reported for language abilities across different samples, age groups, and machine-learning (ML) approaches. Therefore, the current study set out to investigate the predictability of verbal fluency and vocabulary knowledge based on brain connectivity data in the DMN, FPN, and the whole brain using an ML approach in a lifespan sample (N = 717; age range: 18-85) from the 1000BRAINS study. Prediction performance was, thereby, systematically compared across (i) verbal [verbal fluency and vocabulary knowledge] and nonverbal abilities [processing speed and visual working memory], (ii) modalities [FC and SC data], (iii) feature sets [DMN, FPN, DMN-FPN, and whole brain], and (iv) samples [total, younger, and older aged group]. Results from the current study showed that verbal abilities could not be reliably predicted from FC and SC data across feature sets and samples. Thereby, no predictability differences emerged between verbal fluency and vocabulary knowledge across input modalities, feature sets, and samples. In contrast to verbal functions, nonverbal abilities could be moderately predicted from connectivity data, particularly SC, in the total and younger age group. Satisfactory prediction performance for nonverbal cognitive functions based on currently chosen connectivity data was, however, not encountered in the older age group. Current results, hence, emphasized that verbal functions may be more difficult to predict from brain connectivity data in domain-general cognitive networks and the whole brain compared to nonverbal abilities, particularly executive functions, across the life span. Thus, it appears warranted to more closely investigate differences in predictability between different cognitive functions and age groups.