A study on the functional properties of bioactive peptides derived from snakehead fish (<i>Channa striata</i>)

Bioactive peptides are short chains of amino acids that have positive effects on health. Snakehead fish ( Channa striata ) is rich in protein, essential amino acids, and micronutrients that are beneficial for health. This species is widely found in Indonesian waters, including swamps, rivers, and lakes, and has been utilized in pharmaceuticals. The method used in this article involved reviewing national and international journals focusing on snakehead fish and various hydrolysis methods. Literature sources were obtained from platforms such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Elsevier. The bioactive peptide compounds discussed were derived from different organs of the snakehead fish. The results revealed that snakehead fish protein hydrolysate inhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with an IC 50 value of 0.076µmol/L). Additionally, snakehead fish head soup demonstrated antioxidants properties, confirmed through a DPPH test with an IC 50 value of 1.39 mM. The identified peptide sequences were PGMLGGSPPGLLGGSPP and SDGSNIHFPN. Several studies have shown that snakehead fish extract accelerates the wound healing process in both animal models and post-operative patients. The active components involved in this process were arachidonic acid and glycine. Furthermore, skin mucus, intestinal mucus, gill extract, and blood from snakehead fish have been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio fischeri, Salmonella enteritidis , and Escherichia coli . The hydrolysis of snakehead fish skin collagen demonstrated an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity of 25%. In conclusion, bioactive peptides derived from various protein precursors of snakehead fish exhibit antihypertensive, antioxidant, wound healing, antimicrobial, and anti-cholesterol properties.