An Extended Technological-Organizational-Environmental (TOE) Model for E-Commerce Adoption for Nigerian Engineering Enterprises

Despite the significant benefits of e-commerce for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), adoption rates remain relatively low among engineering SMEs in Nigeria. This study aims to examine the determinants of e-commerce adoption mong engineering SMEs in Nigeria and its implications for digital transformation. rounded in the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, the study nvestigates technological, organizational, and environmental factors that facilitate or inder adoption. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a epresentative sample of 600 respondents from diverse engineering sectors and egions in Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured online questionnaire and nalyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). he results indicate that technological factors, such as ICT infrastructure, internet onnectivity, logistics and supply chain efficiency, along with environmental factors ike economic conditions and socio-cultural influences, significantly facilitate e-ommerce adoption. Conversely, technological barriers, including cybersecurity hallenges and inadequate electronic payment systems, and environmental barriers uch as regulatory constraints, market dynamics, and technological advancements, inder progress. Notably, all organizational factors such as organizational readiness, op management support, innovation culture, and employee training were found to ave no significant influence. The study concludes that technological and nvironmental factors serve as key enablers of e-commerce adoption among ngineering enterprises in Nigeria, whereas organizational factors act as barriers. his study offers theoretical contributions to the TOE framework by highlighting ector-specific and regional nuances in e-commerce adoption. Additionally, it rovides managerial and policy implications to address technological, organizational, nd environmental barriers, enabling engineering SMEs in Nigeria to thrive in the igital economy.