Charismatic, Ideological, Pragmatic(CIP) Leadership Model: An Analysis of the Lives of Colonel Kim Young-Ok and General Chae Myung-Shin

Following the emergence of universal leadership theories that go beyond general expectations, such as charismatic leadership and transformational leadership, there have been various questions and criticisms. As an alternative to address these issues, the Charismatic, Ideological, and Pragmatic (CIP) leadership model has emerged. The CIP leadership model has used historiometric methods to analyze historical leaders' biographies and study their leadership. This model holds great value in terms of identifying how leadership is categorized and how leaders achieve outstanding performance from a process perspective. However, it is difficult to find such studies in military contexts. In particular, when exploring the relationship between leadership behavior and outcomes in the CIP leadership model, the influence of moderating variables is crucial, but research on this is still limited. The purpose of this study is as follows: First, to verify the CIP leadership of prominent military figures to extend the applicability of the CIP leadership model. Second, to analyze leadership using the comprehensive framework proposed by the CIP leadership model and investigate whether leadership outcomes are moderated by the leader’s power orientation. To achieve this, the life histories of Colonel Kim Young-ok and General Chae Myung-shin, regarded as outstanding military leaders in Korea and globally, were analyzed. Fifty-six cases were quantified and evaluated according to the variables of the CIP leadership model. The results of the CIP leadership model analysis for Kim Young-ok and Chae Myung-shin revealed that Colonel Kim was identified as a socialized and ideological leader, while General Chae was categorized as a socialized and mixed leader (charismatic + pragmatic). Their power orientation was found to be a key leadership characteristic that enabled both leaders to achieve successful outcomes within their respective organizations during long periods of war. This study has contributed to expanding the relevant theories and scope of research by verifying the overall framework of the CIP leadership model through the cases presented in the lives of Kim Young-ok and Chae Myung-shin. Additionally, this study has demonstrated how historical military leaders resolve issues and exert influence in national crises, such as wars, and this has been presented as a way to provide practical implications for high-echelon leaders and middle managers within organizations. Finally, the study discusses its limitations and suggests directions for future research.