The oncoepidemiological situation in the Russian Federation and in the world based on the analysis of indicators of the leading malignant neoplasms of the population

A high rate of neglect in the detection of malignant neoplasms of the population and a short five-year remission continue to persist against the background of serious healthcare costs in the Russian Federation for oncological care. By 2019, the Russian oncological service had focused on the need for fundamental changes in the work of the outpatient clinic as one of the sections of work within the framework of the federal project «Combating Oncological diseases». The article presents approaches to the organization of primary care abroad, possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis and an analysis of the current oncoepidemiological situation caused by the leading malignant neoplasms in the world and in Russia, mainly, which are: breast and uterine cancers in women, and lung and prostate cancers in men. Purpose of the study is to analyze the current level and dynamics of the main epidemiological indicators of the leading malignant neoplasms in the Russian Federation and in the world as a whole. Materials and methods. Forty-seven sources were processed by the method of content analysis. Results. According to the Russian registry of patients with malignant neoplasms, breast cancer came out on top in terms of detectability and mortality in 1995, accounting for 12% of the overall incidence of malignant neoplasms. In 2019, the incidence per 100,000 population reached 93.8 cases. Russia has relatively low mortality rates: in 2020, the standardized death rate from breast cancer among women was 13.24 per 100,000, while in the United States this figure is 12.4, in Austria – 13.8, and in France – 15.6 per 100,000 population. Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world. In 2020, up to 60,000 cases of lung cancer were detected annually in Russia. The maximum incidence of lung cancer is registered in the Jewish Autonomous Region (65.6 cases per 100,000), and the minimum is in Moscow (16.6 cases per 100,000). Globally, the highest incidence of lung cancer in men is recorded in Turkey (90.2 cases per 100,000 male population), Latvia (63.5) and Belarus (62.7), while the lowest is in Zimbabwe (10.1) and India (9.3). The incidence of prostate cancer in the Russian Federation in 2021 was 59.3 cases per 100,000 men, and the mortality rate reached 19.1 cases per 100,000 men. Among all the localizations of malignant neoplasms in men, prostate cancer ranks 2nd in prevalence and 5th in mortality worldwide. In the structure of cancer incidence, the proportion of prostate cancer is 29.1% in the USA, 24.5% in Finland, and 12.1% on average in the European Union. By the beginning of 2019, uterine cancer ranked second among malignant neoplasms in the Russian population, with an average incidence rate of 32.5 cases per 100,000 women. In the world, up to 320 thousand new cases of uterine cancer are registered annually, while the death rate reaches a quarter of this number. In the countries of the European Union, the death rate on average does not exceed 5.2 cases per 100,000 women, but in some years in some countries the death rate reached 26.6 cases (Norway). Findings. Currently, the oncoepidemiological situation in the Russian Federation is characterized by the fact that the incidence of the leading malignant neoplasms in both men (lung cancer and prostate cancer) and women (breast cancer and uterine cancer) continues to grow at a faster rate than other malignant neoplasms. The mortality rate from the four leading malignant neoplasms is also naturally increasing, which is directly dependent on the proportion of neglected cases. The most appropriate option for reducing mortality is to improve the early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms at the prehospital stage. One of the options for such a solution is to replace the primary oncological offices of municipal hospitals with the creation of Outpatient Oncological Care Centers.