Morphlight theory inspired by raptors: musculoskeletal modeling and muscle control in <i>Falco peregrinus</i> wing flapping

Falco peregrinus can achieve highly maneuverable flight through their morphing wing structure, which has significant research value. However, there has been limited research on the F. peregrinus wing musculoskeletal system. In this study, musculoskeletal modeling, flapping movement, and muscle function of F. peregrinus wing were studied through computer modeling and simulation to better understand the biomechanics of F. peregrinus wing flapping. Using anatomical data and the musculoskeletal modeling method based on OPENSIM, a three-dimensional model of the F. peregrinus wing was developed. Based on the experimental data, the flapping movements were reconstructed, muscle movements during different stages of flapping were simulated, and the function of muscles in the flapping process was analyzed. While this study provides valuable insights into the muscle function of F. peregrinus wing during flapping, it also highlights certain limitations, such as the simplification of musculoskeletal structures and joints in the modeling approach and deviations from actual F. peregrinus wing movements. This study provides both experimental and analytical methods for raptor wing flapping research, potentially reducing the need for live experiments and offering valuable insights into the mechanisms of raptor flapping.