Application status of perovskite in solar cells

Solar cells have emerged as a clean, sustainable, and efficient energy technology, playing a critical role in the global transition to renewable energy and carbon reduction. Among various types of solar cells, perovskite solar cells have gained significant attention due to their remarkable efficiency, tunable photoelectric properties, and cost-effective production methods. These advantages make perovskite solar cells a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. However, despite their immense potential, challenges such as stability, environmental adaptability, and long-term operational reliability must be addressed to enable their large-scale application. This review delves into the operational principles of solar cells, focusing on the ABX₃ structure of perovskite materials, which is essential for their superior performance. It further examines the complex degradation mechanisms, including UV-induced degradation, electrode ion migration, and material defects, that hinder device stability. By synthesizing recent research advancements, the paper provides a comprehensive understanding of perovskite material properties, degradation pathways, and strategies for performance optimization. These insights aim to support the development of durable, high-efficiency solar cells and contribute to sustainable energy solutions for global needs.