Anticancer Evaluation and Angiogenic Inhibition of Atis (Annona squamosa Linn.) Seed Extract Against A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma through MTT Assay and Pharmacokinetic Analyses

In 2022, lung cancer was the most diagnosed cancer globally, with approximately 2.5 million new cases, accounting for 12.4% of all malignancies. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), comprising nearly 90% of cases, includes lung adenocarcinoma as the most common subtype, responsible for about 30% of all lung cancers. This study evaluated the anticancer potential of Annona squamosa Linn. (Atis) seed extract against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells using an in vitro MTT assay and in silico methods, including PASS prediction, ADMET analysis, and molecular docking simulations. The MTT assay tested concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/ml, with Doxorubicin as the positive control. Results showed that 100 µg/ml of Atis seed extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against A549 cells, comparable to the positive control. In silico analysis further revealed strong inhibitory potential, with binding affinities ranging from -5.8 to -9.2 kcal/mol. These findings suggest that Atis seed extract is a promising candidate for lung cancer treatment, warranting further investigation.