Do Organic Amendments Foster Only Beneficial Bacteria in Agroecosystems?: The Case of Bacillus paranthracis TSO55

Bacterial strain TSO55 was isolated from a commercial field of wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i> L. subsp. <i>durum</i>), under organic amendments, located in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Morphological and microscopical characterization showed off-white irregular colonies and Gram-positive bacillus, respectively. The draft genome sequence of this strain revealed a genomic size of 5,489,151 bp, with a G + C content of 35.21%, N50 value of 245,934 bp, L50 value of 8, and 85 contigs. Taxonomic affiliation showed that strain TSO55 belongs to <i>Bacillus paranthracis</i>, reported as an emergent human pathogen. Genome annotation identified 5743 and 5587 coding DNA sequences (CDSs), respectively, highlighting genes associated with indole production, phosphate and potassium solubilization, and iron acquisition. Further in silico analysis indicated the presence of three CDSs related to pathogenicity islands and a high pathogenic potential (77%), as well as the presence of multiple gene clusters related to antibiotic resistance. The in vitro evaluation of plant growth promotion traits was negative for indole production and phosphate and potassium solubilization, and it was positive but low (18%) for siderophore production. The biosynthetic gene cluster for bacillibactin (siderophore) biosynthesis was confirmed. Antifungal bioactivity of strain TSO55 evaluated against wheat pathogenic fungi (<i>Alternaria alternata</i> TF17, <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> TPQ3, and <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> TF14) showed minimal fungal inhibition. An antibiotic susceptibility assay indicated resistance to three of the six antibiotics evaluated, up to a concentration of 20 µg/mL. The beta hemolysis result on blood agar reinforced TSO55's pathogenic potential. Inoculation of <i>B. paranthracis</i> TSO55 on wheat seedlings resulted in a significant decrease in root length (-8.4%), total plant height (-4.2%), root dry weight (-18.6%), stem dry weight (-11.1%), and total plant dry weight (-15.2%) compared to the control (uninoculated) treatment. This work highlights the importance of analyzing the microbiological safety of organic amendments before application. Comprehensive genome-based taxonomic affiliation and bioprospecting of microbial species introduced to the soil by organic agricultural practices and any microbial inoculant will prevent the introduction of dangerous species with non-beneficial traits for crops, which affect sustainability and generate potential health risks for plants and humans.