Research on the Formation Mechanism of Hot-Water Heat Damage in High-Temperature Roadway and the Cooling Effect of Spraying a Thermal Insulation Layer

This study establishes a numerical simulation model based on heat and mass transfer theory to reflect the variations in temperature and humidity conditions within a tunnel. It analyzes the impact of high-temperature fissure water, humid porous media, and drainage methods on the temperature and humidity distribution in a tunnel. The results indicate the following: (1) When the area of the humid porous media increases from 150 m2 to 300 m2, the relative humidity (RH) of the air in the tunnel rises from 52.7% to 55.8%, but the impact on air temperature (Ta) is minimal. (2) The heating and humidification effects of hot water in a drainage ditch on the airflow cannot be overlooked. Meanwhile, the hot water transfers heat to the surrounding rock, with heat transfer predominantly driven by the surrounding rock convection. Compared to a drainage pipe, the heat transfer amount increases by 44.9%, and RH rises by 9.3%. (3) For every increase of 5 °C in water temperature (water volume of 90 m3/h), the ventilation outlet Ta linearly increases by 0.15 °C, and the rate of increase in RH accelerates with rising water temperature. (4) Covering a drainage ditch with a cover plate can reduce RH by 12.3%, while spraying a 10 cm insulation layer on the tunnel walls can significantly lower Ta by 0.66 °C. These findings provide a potential solution for the application of insulation materials in reducing the thermal hazards of deep high temperatures.