Bilateral Condylar Hyperplasia: Importance of Its Diagnosis in the Treatment and Long-Term Stability of Skeletal Class III Correction

<b>Background:</b> Condylar hyperplasia (CH) leads to mandibular overgrowth with anatomical, aesthetic, and functional consequences, particularly affecting facial harmony. It is characterized by severe mandibular prognathism (MP) in bilateral cases. This study aims to propose a therapeutic algorithm for diagnosing and treating bilateral condylar hyperplasia (BCH) based on demographic, clinical, craniofacial growth, and clivus ratio uptake conditions. <b>Methods:</b> Ten patients with severe skeletal Class III by MP, whose alteration was clinically associated with BCH, were consecutively evaluated in a specialized dentofacial deformity center between the period of 2019 and 2024. A detailed protocol was followed to gather clinical history, assess anatomical features, evaluate malocclusion, and identify potential BCH. When suspicion arose, a nuclear medicine test measured condylar scintigraphy uptake. If the result was positive, patients underwent bilateral condylectomy, following one of three treatment protocols. <b>Results:</b> Severe PM, pronounced Class III with excessive negative overjet, elongated condyles of normal anatomy, absence of family history, and accelerated growth since preadolescence and adolescence were common characteristics in these patients. Regarding the treatment protocol chosen according to the characteristics of the patients, five cases followed treatment protocol A: condylectomy and surgical correction of the alteration in two surgical stages. Two cases followed protocol B: bilateral condylectomy and orthognathic surgery in the same surgical time, and three cases followed protocol C: condylectomy and later post-surgical orthopedics and/or orthodontics without a second surgical intervention. Histopathological results confirmed bilateral hyperplastic growth and stability in mandibular size, and occlusion was observed during follow-up. <b>Conclusions:</b> Specialists need to recognize the clinical signs of BCH and use scintigraphy tests to measure condylar metabolic activity when suspected. Early detection of BCH is crucial, as it influences treatment decisions and helps prevent relapses in orthodontic or surgical interventions aimed solely at correcting or compensating for Class III malocclusion caused by MP.